Mung Bean Research Articles

Exploring the potential of sustainable use of reclaimed water to improve crop production in response to contaminants in Vigna radiata

An efficient method of managing agricultural resources is to reuse wastewater for crop irrigation and fertilization. Irrigation using reclaimed water after treatment can have both beneficial and bad environmental effects. The national water strategy of Saudi Arabia considers reclaimed wastewater as an essential component of Saudi Arabia's water resource. It targets to decrease the load of desalination from the Red Sea and use it as a major source of agriculture and industrial use. In Vigna radiata, an experiment is carried out to determine the level of dilution for agricultural application in a seed germination experiment in response to contaminants. The physicochemical properties such as pH, ammonia, turbidity, and chloride values of reclaimed water were higher as compared to the standard guidelines of KSA for using irrigation water. Further, all the studied parameter concentrations decreased with the dilution of tap water. In the seed germination experiment,% germination, relative seed germination, seedling vigor index, etc. were calculated as compared to the control. The results infer that the application of 30 % reclaimed water (T2) enhanced the germination percentage, relative seed germination, and seedling vigor index of V. radiata. The growth of root, shoot, relative shoot growth, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedlings showed that T5 and T6 treatments are not suitable for Vigna cultivation as compared to the control. However, the results suggested that dilution of reclaimed water decreases the concentrations of potential contaminants of emerging concern, heavy metals, pesticides, etc., and makes the water suitable for irrigation.

Microbial Application in Heavy Metal Removal from Pharmacological Industrial Effluent

In industrial effluents, significant amounts of metallic cations such as zinc, copper, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, and cadmium are present. Long-term irrigation with these effluents increases the amount of organic carbon and heavy metals in the soil, increasing the likelihood that they will enter the food chain and, eventually, result in significant bioaccumulation. Many techniques for the treatment and disposal of metal-containing wastes, such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, in flotation, and evaporation, have been developed in order to reduce metal pollution issues. The main disadvantages of conventional treatments are low efficiency at low concentrations of heavy metals, expensive handling, and safe disposal of toxic sludge. In light of this, an effort has been made to investigate how tannery affects the growth of green gram.

Co-exposure to tire wear particles and nickel inhibits mung bean yield by reducing nutrient uptake.

Soil and terrestrial contamination with microplastics and nanoplastics has been discussed extensively, while tire wear particles (TWPs) have been largely overlooked. We investigated the root-surface interactions and growth response of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) plants exposed to tire wear particles (TWPs) (0.05, 0.1, and 0.25% w/w) and nickel sulfate (50 and 100 mg kg-1 NiSO4) alone and in co-exposure scenarios for the full life cycle (105 days) under soil conditions. The results show that TWPs adhered to the root surface and reduced the water and nutrient uptake by the plant, particularly at higher concentrations of TWPs (0.25% w/w), without any observed organic contaminant accumulation in the root tissue. TWPs alone at 0.01, 0.1, and 0.25% (w/w) decreased mung bean yield by 11, 28, and 52%, respectively. Co-exposure to TWPs at 0.01, 0.1 and 0.25% w/w with 100 mg kg-1 NiSO4 decreased yield by 73, 79 and 88%, respectively. However, co-exposure to TWPs at 0.01 and 0.1% w/w with 50 mg kg-1 NiSO4 enhanced the yield by 32% and 7%, respectively. These changes in yield and nutritional aspects appear to be linked to Ni's regulatory influence on mineral homeostasis. Moreover, exposure to NiSO4 at 100 mg kg-1 increased Ni uptake in the root, shoot, and grain by 9, 26, and 20-fold, respectively as compared to the unamended control; this corresponded to increased antioxidant enzyme activity (10-127%) as compared to the control. TWPs caused blockages, significantly reducing plant yield and altering nutrient dynamics, highlighting emerging risks to plant health.

Improvement of processable properties of plant-based high internal phase emulsions by mung bean protein isolate based on pH shift treatment.

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) are unique emulsion systems, which transform liquid oil into solid-like fats, thus avoiding the use of saturated fat and leading to a healthier and more sustainable food system for consumers. HIPEs with oil volume fraction (ϕ) of 75%-85% were fabricated with mung bean protein isolate (MPI) under different pH shift treatments at 1.0% concentration through the one-step method. We investigated the physical properties, microstructures, processing properties, storage stability and rheology properties of HIPEs in the present work. The results suggested that the properties of MPI under different pH shift treatments were improved to different degrees, stabilizing HIPEs (ϕ = 75%-85%) with various processability to meet food processing needs. Under alkali shift treatment conditions, the particle size of MPI was significantly reduced with better solubility. Moreover, the exposure of hydrophobic groups increased the surface hydrophobicity of MPI, awarding MPI better emulsifying properties, which could stabilize the HIPEs with higher oil phase fraction. In addition, the MPI under pH 12 shift treatment (MPI-12) had the best oil-carrying ability to form the stable HIPEs with oil volume fraction (ϕ) up to 85%, which was the highest oil phase in preparing the HIPEs by using plant protein solely at a low concentration under neutral conditions. A series of stable HIPEs with different processing properties were simply and feasibly fabricated, which are of great potential in applying edible HIPEs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Glycemic Index and glycemic load for different types of cooked rice for healthy volunteers

The effect of eating different types of rice was studied, including basmati rice, local amber rice, brown rice and diet rice, in addition to bulgur and mung bean on the glycemic response and glycemic Index values. The effect of eating rice cooked by pressing and Boiled methods on the blood sugar response of healthy volunteers was studied, where the results of the study included ten volunteers. The highest increase in blood sugar level response occurred after consuming amber rice cooked by pressing method, which reached 160.3 (mg / 100 ml). After thirty minutes of eating it, while bulgur rice cooked by Boiled method has raised the level of blood sugar response less than rice of all kinds and at a rate of 121.7 (mg / 100 ml) after eating it by thirty, the study determined the glycemic index and blood sugar load for each sample of raw, mixed and cooked rice (pressing and boiled) in addition to bulgur. The results showed a variation in the values of the glycemic index at the level of (p≥0.05) for different types of rice. The results showed that the highest glycemic index was for amber rice cooked by pressing method with a percentage of (88.8) and the lowest glycemic index was for bulgur cooked by Boiled method by (37). While the glycemic index of white basmati rice in the ways of pressing and Boiled was 66.6 and 53 respectively, and the additions that were added to basmati rice, which included mash, cinnamon and turmeric, had a clear role in reducing the blood sugar index, as the values of the glycemic Index for basmati rice pressed and mixed with mash, cinnamon and turmeric are 60, 56 and 57 respectively, while the values of the glycemic Index for basmati rice mixed with mash, cinnamon and turmeric are 49.2. 48 and 46, respectively.

Integration of sequential electrocoagulation and adsorption for effective removal of colour and total organic carbon in textile effluents and its utilization for seed germination and irrigation.

Textile effluent discharge can negatively impact the environment and living organisms due to its potential toxicity, higher percentages of total organic carbon (TOC) contents, and so on. The study investigates the extraordinary performance of the electrocoagulation process (ECP) combined with powdered activated carbon (PAC) as a highly effective and environmental friendly method of treating textile effluents. This scientific work mainly includes the focus on removing toxic components in textile effluents, such as high concentrations of colour and TOC using synthesized PAC derived from coconut shells coupled with the ECP (ECP-PAC). Initially, PAC was characterized by using XRD, Raman, BET, FTIR, and TGA studies. Subsequently, the pilot-scale ECP-PAC batch reactor was constructed with iron (Fe) as an anode and copper (Cu) as a cathode. The pilot-scale ECP-PAC batch reactor has achieved higher treatment efficiency in a shorter reaction time with low energy consumption compared to a stand-alone ECP. Further, the optimum conditions for effective ECP-PAC have been optimized, such as pH 7.5, applied current density (0-50mA/cm2), reaction time (0-30min), electrode combinations (Fe-Cu) with electrode distances of 5cm apart, and an optimum dose of 5g/L of PAC. Specifically, 98% of the colour and 96% of the TOC contents present in the industrial textile effluent were treated in 15 and 30min, respectively. In quantitative perspectives, the developed batch reactor has sharply decreased TOC (324.1mg/L), IC (1410mg/L) and TC (1019mg/L) to 13.55mg/L (96%), 31.49mg/L (97%), and 48.05mg/L (95%), respectively, in 30min demonstrating its sensitivity and selectivity with the utmost care. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the treated water were convincingly assessed. That is, it remains suitable for the seed germination of mung bean and chlorophyll content study. Thus, the developed methodology could effectively reduce freshwater consumption in the agricultural sector, increase freshwater availability in water-scarce regions, and facilitate the increase of the recharging capacity of groundwater tables.

Rice-based Climate Resilient Farming Practices Influencing the Soil Physical Parameters, Carbon Dynamics and System Productivity in Inceptisols under Coastal Agro-ecosystem

A field experiment was carried out to assess the influence of different rice establishment technique {System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional method of transplanting (CMT)}, rice-based cropping sequence {rice-groundnut-fallow (RGF) and rice-toria-greengram (RTG)}, mulching practices {No mulching (WoM) and Crop residue mulch (CRM)} and nutrient management practices{100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM (INM)} on the different physical properties of the soil under changing climate at the Central Research Station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar in the East and South Eastern Coastal Plain Zone of Odisha, India. The field experiment was conducted in split-plot design replicated thrice. Considerable build-up of SOC by 5.2%, 10.3% and 13.9% was observed under RTG, CRM and INM over RGF, WoM and RDF, respectively. Both CRM and INM registered higher proportion of water stable micro (14.8 %and 15.7 %) and macro-aggregates (5.2 % and 9.2 %), respectively over WoM and RDF. The CRM and INM remarkably elevated the macro-aggregate carbon by 13.9 % and 15.7 %, respectively over the initial contents (10.2 g kg-1). Additionally, the RGF and CRM recorded significantly higher REY of 9.2 t ha-1 and 9 t ha-1 over RTG and WoM treatments, respectively. Thus, SRI system along with mulching rice straw in toria and toria biomass to green gram and INM practices has been identified as the most suitable climate resilient farming practice in the coastal agro-ecosystem of Odisha, India because of its significant impact in soil physical properties including carbon storage, and thus synergizing effects for favourable soil ecosystem functioning.

Effect of Micronutrient Application on Growth, Yield and Quality of Green Gram Growing Iron and Zinc Deficient Soils of Renapur Tahsil, Latur

The present investigation entitled “Effect of micronutrient application in green gram growing iron and zinc deficient soils of Renapur Tahsil, Latur” during Kharif season of the year, 2022-2023 at A Field experiment was conducted at farmers field At. Post-Dawangaon Tq-Renapur Dist- Latur. The experiment was layout in RBD with three replications and a recommended variety of green gram BM 2003-2 as a test crop along with ten treatments. Among the various treatments the application of RDF + 25 kg ha-1 FeSO4 + 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 (T7) significantly increased the growth parameters viz., highest plant height (52.19 cm at 60 DAS), number of branches(10.64 at 60 DAS), leaf area (540.67 cm2 plant-1at 60 DAS), dry matter content (9.54 g plant-1 at 60 DAS), total chlorophyll content (9.93 mg g-1 at 45 DAS) and number of nodules per plant (19.70), Yield parameters viz., higher number of pods plant-1(15.43), number of grains pod-1(11.88), seed yield kg ha-1 (1575.46) and straw yield kg ha-1 (1864.68) at harvest and the improvement in quality parameters i.e. test weight (35.23 g), protein content (22.37 %) and protein yield kg ha-1 (347.27) at harvest and was found at par with treatments T4 (RDF + S.A. Grade- I micro-nutrient @ 25 kg ha-1 + F.A. Grade- II micro-nutrient @ 0.5 % at 25 and 40 DAS) and treatment T2 (RDF + S.A. Grade- I micro-nutrient @ 25 kg ha-1).

Exploring Biochemical Changes and Nutritional Composition in Mungbean Genotypes

During the Rabi season of 2018-19, an experiment was undertaken at the C.S.A University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur's pulse research farm kalyanpur to investigate the biochemical investigation of several promising genotypesof mung bean [Vigna radiata (L)]. The nutritional quality flour and characteristics such as the overall range of variability of number of pods per plant, maturity period, yield in gram per plant, moisture content, methionine and tryptophan content were found to be 18-27, 60-70 percent, 2.90-5.94g/plant, 0.38 to 5.68, 0.35-0.72g/16gN, and 1.30 to 1.80g/16gN in mung bean (use either genotype or variety based on the historical description of the mung bean materials used in your research), respectively. The genotypes IPM-02-3, KM-2268, KM-2328, KM-2364, KM-2260, KM-2362 of the varietal trail were found to have the highest number of pods per plant, lowest moisture percentage, lowest maturity period, yield in gram per plant, and greater nutritional contents (don’t such an abrevatted terms in the abstract which might creat confusion for readers) methionine and tryptophan content.

Seasonal Incidence of Major Insect Pests in Mungbean; Vigna radiata (L. Wilczek)

The current studies on seasonal incidence of major insect pests were carried out at Students’ Instructional Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (UP), India during Kharif 2022 and 2023. The current study revealed that whitefly, B. tabaci was commenced from the second fortnight of July and touched the peak at 32th (9.8 whitefly per cage) and 35th SMW (9.4 whitefly per cage) in both the year, respectively. The populations of B. tabaci had a significant negative correlation with rainfall (r= -0.699) in Kharif 2022. The jassid had the highest population in 34th SMW (4.6 jassid/cage) in Kharif 2022, while in second year, maximum jassid population of 5.1 jassid/cage was recorded during 33rd SMW. Wind speed had a significant and negative effect (r=-0.804) on the population of jassid during Kharif 2023. Seasonal abundance of thrips showed that, in first year, the thrips activity reached maximum at 33rd SMW (1.2 trips/5 flower buds). In next season, peak population of 1.4 thrips per 5 flower buds was in 32nd SMW. The correlation study during both the season revealed that the sunshine hours (r= -0.683) showed significant and negative effect on thrips population in 2023. Peak pod borer damage was observed in 36th SMW (5.3%) and 35th SMW (6.7%) during 2022 and 2023, respectively. Correlation between pod borer damage and weather parameters showed that wind speed had negative and significant (r= -0.707) effect on borer damage in first year.

Comparative investigation of powder and extract of biochar from Broussonetia papyrifera on the growth and eco-physiological attributes of Vigna radiata

This study compared the impact of biochar (in powder and extract forms) derived from the invasive tree Broussonetia papyrifera on the growth and eco-physiological responses of Vigna radiata (mung bean) under laboratory and experimental dome environments. The primary objective was to investigate the sustainable utilization potential of biochar derived from invasive plants. Powdered biochar was mixed into garden soil at amendment rates of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%, while for extract treatments, the seedlings were irrigated with extracts of these concentrations. The responses of plants were found to be dependent on the concentration and type of treatment (i.e., powder or extract) used. The highest levels of growth and eco-physiological responses were observed at a concentration of 1% for biochar extract and 2% for powdered biochar. In addition, the impacts were more pronounced in the roots than in the shoots. The biochar amendment resulted in a 7‒73% increase in root length and a 12‒148% increase in plant dry biomass when compared to the control. Crop growth, water use efficiency, and leaf area were greater in powdered biochar, but net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were higher in plants treated with biochar extract. Adding powdered biochar to soil increases its pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, soil organic C, and amounts of available N, P, and K; however, the effects of applying biochar extracts were less pronounced. Crop growth and eco-physiological responses were found to be positively correlated, regardless of the biochar form used. Following biochar extract treatment, EC was found to be negatively correlated with Pn. The study revealed that powdered biochar had superior growth responses and soil improvement compared to biochar extract at higher concentrations. However, biochar extract also had comparable effects and can be beneficial in short-term cropping systems such as urban farming (e.g., in kitchen gardens and vegetable production) at lower concentrations (up to 2%). The findings of the study provide a baseline for future evaluations regarding the sustainable application of biochar liquor (water extract) as a source of nutrients and the powdered residual biochar as a potential material for adsorbing environmental contaminants or improving soil quality.

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, AMINO ACID PROFILING, AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF PROCESSED NATURAL VEGETATION OF THARPARKAR

Some processing techniques tend to advance the overall nutritional quality of food commodities and thus may contribute to counter malnutrition in regions like Tharparkar. For scanning the efficacy of some selected processing treatments, the natural vegetation of Tharparkar (NVT) i.e., mung beans (MB), sesame seeds (SS), and pearl millet (PM), were sprouted, roasted, and blanched, respectively, and milled to flour after thermal drying.  All fresh and processed NVT, i.e., sprouted mung bean flour (SMBF), roasted sesame seed powder (RSSP), and blanched pearl millet flour (BPMF), were analyzed for proximate composition, profiling of amino acids (AAs), and safety assessment. The results demonstrated statistically different (P<0.05) mean values of fresh and processed NVT for most of the analyzed parameters. It was found that processing significantly increased (P<0.05) ash, protein, fat, and fiber content whereas significantly decreased (P<0.05) phytic and oxalic acid in the NVT. In addition, some essential AAs significantly (P<0.05) enhanced in SMBF i.e., histidine (0.45g/100g), isoleucine (0.59g/100g), lysine (0.71g/100), methionine (0.23g/100g), phenylalanine (1.54g/100g), and valine (0.32g/100g); RSSP i.e., isoleucine (1.63g/100g), leucine (4.57g/100g), lysine (0.75g/100g), phenylalanine (3.14g/100g), tryptophan (0.81g/100g), and tyrosine (2.15g/100g); and in BPMF i.e., threonine (0.55g/100g), isoleucine (0.28g/100g), leucine (1.70g/100g), methionine (0.21g/100), tryptophan (0.11g/100g), and valine(0.17g/100g). Among non-essential AAs, the alanine and glycine remained significantly higher (P<0.05) in all processed NVT i.e., 1.56, 1.29, and1.43g/100g alanine in SMBF, RSSP, and BPMF, respectively. However, glycine remained at 0.56, 0.59, and 0.23g/100g in SMBF, RSSP, and BPMF, respectively. It is therefore concluded that processing techniques exerted a significant role in enhancing nutritional profile while mitigating the antinutrient load from the NVT. Consequently, it is recommended that SMBF, RSSP, and BPMF be utilized for developing various food products to counter malnutrition in regions like Tharparkar.

Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment

The health implications associated with the consumption of food contaminated by heavy metals (HMs) and metalloids, specifically arsenic (As), remain a global concern. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of HMs and As in various food categories, including cereals (rice, wheat, and corn), vegetables (leafy greens, edible mushrooms, kale, solanaceous fruits, and tubers), and legumes (peanuts, soybeans, and mung beans), commercially available in Jiaozuo city. Additionally, we sought to assess the potential health risks posed to human consumers by the ingestion of these three food categories. To evaluate the extent of contamination, both single-factor analysis and Nemerow's synthetical pollution index were employed. The assessment of health risks was conducted using the health risk model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Specifically, cereals exhibited exceedance rates of 2.60% for Cr, 44.16% for Hg, 3.90% for Ni and 3.90% for Pb. Notably, vegetable samples exhibited exceedance rates of 0.90% for Hg and 17.12% for Zn. Among legume samples, exceedance rates were 16.98% for Cr, 75.47% for Ni and 13.21% for Pb, while other HMs and As remained within standard limits. The cumulative contamination level of HMs in each diet category ranked in the order of legumes > cereals > vegetables. Based on the daily intake of cereals, legumes and vegetables, the Total Target Hazard Quotient for HMs in both children and adults exceeded a value of 1, indicating the potential noncarcinogenic risks (non-CRs) associated with consumption of these three dietary categories. Conversely, the CR induced by HMs through the consumption of these foods remained within acceptable levels for both children (8.92×10-6) and adults (2.65×10-6). It is noteworthy that the health risk posed by HMs through food consumption was more pronounced in children than in adults.

Development of a fluorescent scaffold by utilizing quercetin template for selective detection of Hg2+: Experimental and theoretical studies along with live cell imaging

Quercetin is an important antioxidant with high bioactivity and it has been used as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor significantly. Quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in nature, has been in the spot of numerous experimental and theoretical studies in the past decade due to its great biological and medicinal importance. But there have been limited instances of employing quercetin and its derivatives as a fluorescent framework for specific detection of various cations and anions in the chemosensing field. Therefore, we have developed a novel chemosensor based on quercetin coupled benzyl ethers (QBE) for selective detection of Hg2+ with “naked-eye” colorimetric and “turn-on” fluorometric response. Initially QBE itself exhibited very weak fluorescence with low quantum yield (Φ = 0.009) due to operating photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and inhibition of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) as well as intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) within the molecule. But in presence of Hg2+, QBE showed a sharp increase in fluorescence intensity by 18-fold at wavelength 444 nm with high quantum yield (Φ = 0.159) for the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) with coordination of Hg2+, which hampers PET within the molecule. The strong binding affinity of QBE towards Hg2+ has been proved by lower detection limit at 8.47 µM and high binding constant value as 2 × 104 M−1. The binding mechanism has been verified by DFT study, Cyclic voltammograms and Jobs plot analysis. For the practical application, the binding selectivity of QBE with Hg2+ has been capitalized in physiological medium to detect intracellular Hg2+ levels in living plant tissue by using green gram seeds. Thus, employing QBE as a fluorescent chemosensor for the specific identification of Hg2+ will pave the way for a novel approach to simplifying the creation of various chemosensors based on quercetin backbone for the precise detection of various biologically significant analytes.

Effect of Pre- and Post-emergence Herbicide on Weed Growth and Productivity of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata)

The current study aimed to investigate at the Agronomy farm (Faridpur) K.N.I.P.S.S Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh during kharif 2022-2023. The research was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 8 treatments, viz. weedy check, one hand weeding at 15 DAS, hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence (W3), quizalofop-ethyl @ 60 g /ha (20 DAS), Imazethapyr @ 60 g /ha (20 DAS), pendimethalin (PE) fb imazathapyr (20 DAS), pendimethalin (PE) fb quizalofop ethyl (20 DAS). Among all the treatments, growth and yield attributes such as pods count/plant (38.17), seeds count pod-1 (8.66) and yield (12.89 q/ha) were obtained highest with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS. Furthermore, the concurrent use of pre- and post-emergence herbicides, demonstrated by combinations like pendimethalin (PE) followed by imazathapyr at 20 DAS and pendimethalin (PE) followed by quizalofop ethyl at 20 DAS, yielded outcomes similar to those achieved through manual weeding.

Correlation and Path Analysis Studies in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under Arid Environment of Western Rajasthan

Background: Mungbean is an important grain legume crop. It contains a high amount of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The productivity of this crop is still low, hence efforts should be made to improve the yield of mungbean by keeping knowledge about association between seed yield and its components. Thus, the present investigation was aimed to determine the correlation and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its attributing traits in mungbean. Methods: Seventy-nine diverse genotypes of mungbean were evaluated during Kharif 2017-18 for eleven quantitative traits in randomized block design with three replications at the Experimental farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Result: Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits studied indicating a considerable amount of variation among genotypes for all the characters. The seed yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod and pod length. The characteristics such as biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, plant height, 100-seed weight and days to 50 per cent flowering had high positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. Therefore, selection based on the traits viz., number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and pod length could help in enhancing the seed yield per plant in mungbean.

Freeze-Thaw Stability Regulating Mechanism of Polysaccharide Extracted from Mung Bean Seed Coat on Rice Starch Gel: Retardation of Retrogradation and Ice Crystal Growth

Freeze-Thaw Stability Regulating Mechanism of Polysaccharide Extracted from Mung Bean Seed Coat on Rice Starch Gel: Retardation of Retrogradation and Ice Crystal Growth

Effect of Tillage and Weed Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

A field experiment was conducted during 2023 at Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, to find out the effect of different tillage management [Minimum tillage (primary tillage only) and Conventional tillage (primary and secondary tillage)] and five weed control treatments [(PE Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1, PE Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr (pre-mix) - Valor 32% EC 1.0 kg ha-1, Hand weeding on 15 and 30 DAS, Weed free plot and Un weeded control (weedy check)] on weeds and productivity of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) during the winter (Rabi). Conventional tillage generally led to taller plants and higher leaf counts compared to minimum tillage, while effective weed management practices, particularly the combination of Pendimethalin and Imazethapyr, resulted in superior growth indices. Additionally, conventional tillage and weed-free conditions significantly enhanced dry matter production and yield parameters of green gram.

Effect of Sali rice-relay system on growth and yield of succeeding fodder maize + green gram intercropping system in rice-fallows of Assam

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the Sali rice-relay system on the growth and yield of fodder maize + green gram intercropping during summer. The treatments comprised three dates of rice transplanting with four relay crops lentil, pea, toria, and niger. Significantly higher values of green fodder yield of maize were recorded when summer intercrops were grown after rice-lentil (205 and 196 q/ha in both the years) and rice-pea (198 and 189 q/ha in both the years) relay sequence as compared to rice-toria and rice-niger system. However, a significantly higher number of pods/plants, seed yield, and stover yield of green gram were found after the rice-toria and rice-niger relay sequence as compared to that of the rice-lentil and rice-pea systems. The effect of relay crops was also found significant on REY of fodder maize and green gram. The highest value of REY of maize fodder was found after the rice-lentil (16 q/ha) and rice-pea (15.42 q/ha) relay sequence, while the highest values of REY of green gram was recorded after rice-toria (37.26 q/ ha) and rice-niger (37.02 q/ha).

Fine-mapping and primary analysis of candidate genes associated with seed coat color in mung bean (Vignaradiata L.)

Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans (Vigna radiata L.). The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids, which have important medicinal value. Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would help develop new varieties and improve their value. In this study, an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9 (black seed coat) and BIS9805 (green seed coat). Using bulk segregated analysis (BSA) sequencing and the kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers, the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on Chr.4 and included eight candidate genes. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes (LOC106758748, LOC106758747, and LOC106759075) were differentially expressed, which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805. These findings could provide a research basis for cloning genes related to the seed coat color and accelerate molecular marker-assisted selection breeding in mung beans.